The invention belongs to the technical field of road engineering and particularly relates to a high-thermal-conductivity asphalt mixture and a road surface structure prepared from the same. The provided high-thermal-conductivity asphalt mixture comprises epoxy asphalt, modified epoxy resin, calcium carbonate-coated hexagonal boron nitride composite particles, nano silicon dioxide, mineral fibers,aggregate, methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride, benzyl dimethylamine and a silane coupling agent. The calcium carbonate-coated hexagonal boron nitride composite particles, nano silicon dioxide and themineral fibers cooperatively construct a high-thermal-conductivity high-insulation network chain structure, so that the thermal conductivity coefficient and system resistivity of the structure prepared from the mixture are large. A road surface can quickly transfer heat to a first asphalt concrete layer to melt snow falling on the road surface in time, so that the road surface is prevented from being frozen, and normal passing of vehicles is ensured. At the same time, an electric leakage phenomenon cannot happen to the road surface, and the safety of pedestrians and vehicles is guaranteed.