The invention relates to an ultrasonic vibration grinding removal amount in-place detection device. The device comprises a base, a Y-axis moving mechanism, an X-axis moving mechanism and a tiltable measurement mechanism, wherein a triangular and rectangular combined sliding guide rail is arranged on the upper surface of the base, the triangular and rectangular combined sliding guide rail is connected with the Y-axis moving mechanism in a fit mode, a Y-axis moving platform of the Y-axis moving mechanism and the upper surface of the base are in sliding contact through a triangular and rectangular combined sliding groove and the triangular and rectangular combined sliding guide rail, the upper surface of the Y-axis moving platform is connected with the X-axis moving mechanism, and the front end of an X-axis sliding rod of the X-axis moving mechanism is connected with the tiltable measurement mechanism. According to the device, the structure is simple, the operation is easy and convenient,the multi-degree-of-freedom motion of a measurement head screw can be realized, the high-precision measuring effect can be obtained, in-place detection of the machining removal amount of workpieces of different shapes, sizes and thicknesses can be effectively realized, the measuring accuracy and the flexibility of the grinding machining removing amount can be effectively improved, and the measuring accuracy and the measuring efficiency are improved.