The invention discloses an underwater intelligent wireless optical communication system, which mainly solves the problem that the communication quality is degraded or even the communication is interrupted when the receiving end of the existing communication system moves under water. The system comprises a positioning unit, two sets of receiver/transmitter units, a transmitter/receiver control unitand an IO control unit. The positioning unit is used for positioning the target azimuth and sending the ID information and the position and attitude parameters of the target to the transmitter/receiver control unit. The receiver/transmitter control unit switches the type of the optical receiver according to the target ID information and adjusts the attitude of the rotary base of the transceiver according to the position and attitude parameters. The IO control unit judges the communication quality according to the similarities and differences of the output of the two sets of receiver/transmitter units, and sends an instruction to adjust the communication rate to the originating end. The invention can realize the adaptive adjustment of the attitude of the transceiver and the adaptive switching of the light source, can self-adapt the shift communication rate, improves the adaptability to the underwater communication environment, and can be used for the design of the high-speed medium-short communication range underwater communication system.