The invention relates to a method for rapidly detecting pulverized coal combustion characteristics. The method comprises the following steps: S1, selecting various different standard coals, respectively carrying out Raman spectrum testing and thermogravimetric analysis on each standard coal to obtain Raman spectrum characteristic parameters and pulverized coal combustion characteristic parameters,and calculating the mapping relationship between the Raman spectrum parameters and the pulverized coal combustion characteristic parameter to establish a Raman spectrum parameter and pulverized coalcombustion characteristic parameter association database; and S2, carrying out Raman spectrum testing on raw coal to be tested to obtain Raman spectrum characteristic parameters, comparing the Raman spectrum characteristic parameters with the association database, and obtaining the pulverized coal combustion characteristic parameters of the raw coal to be tested according to the corresponding mapping relationship. The method has the advantages of fastness in detection, realization of simultaneous obtaining of multiple pulverized coal combustion characteristics, completeness and accuracy, realization of obtaining the pulverized coal combustion characteristics only through carrying out Raman spectrum testing on raw material to be tested after the establishment of the database, low late-stagecost, high efficiency, and suitableness for being used in engineering.