A thermoelectric refrigeration based high-efficiency temperature control circuit of a laser device belongs to the field of temperature control technology. The invention solves a problem in providing a temperature control circuit with high efficiency, high reliability, high temperature control precision and high automatic degree for the laser device. The temperature control circuit includes a main controller module, a precision constant flow source module, a platinum resistor temperature sensor, a signal amplification module, an opto-isolation push-pull module, an H-type drive module, a liquid crystal display module and a key temperature setting module. The temperature control circuit adopts full digital control; the working temperature of the laser device can be adjusted in real time based on demands and the temperature of the laser device can be displayed in real time. When the laser device is heated or cooled, one of N channel field effect tubes of a lower bridge arm is on while the other one is off and one P channel field effect tube of an upper bridge arm is driven by adopting a pulse width modulation method, so that the working efficiency of the circuit is improved substantially, the output efficiency is improved and the switch loss is reduced; and the control precision is high and the temperature control precision is as high as 0.2 DEG C.