The invention discloses a master-slave parallel collection device and method of artillery distributed data for solving the technical problem of poor synchronism in the collection of artillery distributed data by the existing master-slave parallel collection device of the artillery distributed data. The technical scheme is as follows: a master-slave synchronous control manner between a collection host and a collection slave, and a double calibration mechanism of using a gigabit switch to perform delay calibration through parallel communication head information data are adopted to carry out delay deviation correction on collection devices through time compensation, so that the signal collection delays of collection systems are guaranteed to be smaller than 0.01 microsecond. The device disclosed by the invention is triggered by one host, and parallel trigger and parallel collection of at most 7 slaves can be driven at the same time, thereby solving the technical problem of large signal collection delays between the collection systems in the collection of the artillery distributed data, shortening the collection delay times of the systems and improving the synchronism of collecting the artillery distributed data.