The invention relates to a high-temperature micro-nano press mark test device and method in vacuum environment, and belongs to the field of mechanical and electronic integration precise instrument. The device can be used in vacuum environment; the oxidization caused by high-temperature environment on a press head and a test specimen can be prevented; the influence of air flowing on the test specimen heating is weakened; the stable heating temperature of the test specimen is ensured; further, the test analysis on the test specimen micro mechanical properties can be started; the characteristics parameters and the like of material hardness, elasticity modulus, creep properties and thermo-mechanical coupling effects are obtained so as to study the influence rule of variable-temperature and high-temperature environment on the material micro mechanical behaviors, deformation damage mechanisms and micro tissue structure evolution; the material and product design manufacturing, service prediction and reliability evaluation are guided. The structure of the device is compact; the measurement precision is high; the application range is wide; the wide application prospects are realized in the fields of material science, equipment manufacturing, ferrous metallurgy, national defense and military, aerospace and the like. According to the test method provided by the invention, the rich material micro mechanical property test theories and technical systems are combined.