The embodiment of the invention discloses a multi-hole parameter detection system and a detection method, which relate to the technical field of hole detection for simply and conveniently realizing detection on hole diameters, the roundness and the coaxiality. The multi-hole parameter detection system comprises a laser transmitter, a mounting assembly, a laser receiving device and an angle measuring device, wherein the laser receiving device is retractably arranged in a to-be-detected hole of a detected workpiece through the mounting assembly; the laser receiving device can receive laser transmitted by the laser transmitter; and the angle measuring device can measure the rotating angle of the laser receiving device. By adopting the above multi-hole parameter detection system, multiple parameters such as the hole diameters, the roundness and the coaxiality can be detected, and detection on multiple hole parameters by one system can be realized.