The invention discloses a roller type locating device used for locating and adjustment when a workpiece is clamped. The roller type locating device comprises at least three clamping jaw seats arranged in the peripheral direction of the workpiece, and roller assemblies used for driving the workpiece to rotate when the workpiece is clamped and leveling assemblies used for adjusting the end surface precision of the workpiece are arranged on the clamping jaw seats. According to the roller type locating device, when the workpiece is clamped, the workpiece is driven by the roller assemblies to roll on the chuck clamping jaw seats, so that harmful wear between the workpiece and the locating surfaces of the clamping jaw seats is effectively reduced; besides, the leveling assemblies are used for adjusting the end surface precision of the workpiece and ensuring the leveling precision of the workpiece, and through the cooperation of other clamping jaw seats, realize locating and adjustment when the workpiece is clamped; the roller type locating device is particularly suitable for the radial locating of large thin-walled components and effectively avoids the locating deviation of the large thin-walled components and the damage of wall surfaces, caused by hitting in a locating process; and by the roller type locating device, the whole clamping process is convenient, rapid, accurate and reliable.