The invention provides a strain strengthening method of a low temperature container with a charging limiting device and the strain strengthening low temperature container with the charging limiting device. The method comprises the following steps that water is poured into the charging limiting device through a process hole, after the charging limiting device is filled with water, water is poured into an inner container through a water injection pipe until the inner container is filled with water, and an exhaust port, the process hole and a drainage outlet are blocked; boosting and pressure maintaining are conducted, the pressure inside the inner container is increased to the strengthening pressure slowly, then pressure is maintained until the strain rate of the inner container of the low temperature container reaches the standard value, and the pressure in the inner container is decreased to the working pressure; and depressurization and water drainage are conducted, the pressure in the inner container is decreased to the atmospheric pressure, the process hole and the drainage outlet are opened, and water is drained outwards. The method can shorten the water injection and drainage time, improve the working efficiency and reduce the cost, and the problem of incomplete water drainage of the charging limiting device is solved.