The invention discloses an isolated pulse voltage real-time measurement system based on analog photoelectric conversion, which comprises the components of a conical capacitive divider, a coaxial integrator, an analog electric-to-optical conversion transmitter module, an analog optical-to-electric conversion receiving module, a high-speed data acquisition card, an industrial control computer and a synchronous pulse measuring module. After a high-voltage pulse is transmitted through the conical capacitive divider, the analog electric-to-optical conversion transmitter module converts a pulse voltage waveform to a light intensity pulse waveform according to a linear proportion. The high-voltage pulse is transmitted to the far end through a single-mode quartz fiber. Then the analog optical-to-electric conversion receiving module converts the transmitted light intensity pulse signal to a voltage waveform signal. The high-speed data acquisition card acquires and records the voltage waveform signal. Recording and processing are performed on the industrial control computer. Furthermore triggering of synchronous measurement systems such as an enhanced charge-coupled device and a spectrum analyzer can be finished through outputting the synchronous pulses. The isolated pulse voltage real-time measurement system settles problems of long-distance real-time pulse voltage measurement and ground potential isolation in a high-voltage experiment and pulse power device.