The invention provides an optical fiber composite overhead ground wire and method for measuring temperature distribution of the optical fiber composite overhead ground wire. The optical fiber composite overhead ground wire is of a layer stranded structure, and comprises inner layer wires and outer layer wires, wherein the outer layer wires wrap the periphery of the inner layer wires, high anticorrosion factice is filled in the space between the inner layer, the outer layer wires have at least one layer, a communication optical fiber unit is attached to the inside of an outmost layer, the communication optical fiber unit is single mode fiber. The optical fiber composite overhead ground wire is characterized by further comprising another optical fiber, the optical fiber is a multimode temperature measurement optical fiber unit, the multimode temperature measurement optical fiber unit is attached to the periphery of an outmost layer of the outer layer wires, and on the cross section of the composite overhead ground wire, the connecting line of the multimode temperature measurement optical fiber unit and the communication optical fiber unit penetrates through the center of the optical fiber composite overhead ground wire. The optical fiber composite overhead ground wire and the method for measuring the temperature distribution of the optical fiber composite overhead ground wire improve the structure of an OPGW in the prior art, and enable the OPGW of the structure to accurately reflect the operating state of the OPGW in monitoring temperature distribution.