The invention discloses a laser measurement device for a centralization error. The laser measurement device is composed of a first to-be-measured shaft, a laser emission device, a second to-be-measured shaft and a laser receiving device. The laser emission device is fixed to the first to-be-measured shaft, and the laser receiving device is fixed to the second to-be-measured shaft. A laser emitter in the laser emission device emits four criss-cross laser rays at fixed intervals through two cross laser devices, and the laser receiving device can detect the precise positions and width of the laser rays emitted by the laser emission device. The centralization error of two shafts, namely, the first to-be-measured shaft and the second to-be-measured shaft, can be measured indirectly at one position, the advantages of being fast, accurate and convenient and easy to use are achieved, and a traditional method can be completely replaced. The laser measurement device can be applied to detection and adjustment of the centralization error of two linkage rotary shafts in the mounting, debugging and maintenance process of a rotary machine.