The invention discloses a wedge type full-section belt breakage protection device for an upward belt conveyor, which comprises a frame, an upper redirection roller and a lower redirection roller. A material slide is arranged between the upper redirection roller and the lower redirection roller and above a belt and fixed onto the frame, a wedge is arranged in a slide way which is mounted on a horizontal beam disposed on the frame, and a unidirectional roller is arranged on the lower portion of the wedge. The frame comprises upper crossbeams, upper longitudinal beams, oblique columns, lower crossbeams, lower longitudinal beams, vertical beams, the horizontal beam and column pedestals. The wedge comprises a wedged frame, a rubber block parallel to the belt is embedded to the lateral side of the wedged frame, a gap is reserved between the rubber block and the belt, wing plates are arranged on two sides of the slope of the wedged frame respectively, and a roller support is arranged at the bottom of the wedged frame. The device is high in capture force, so that a complex hydraulic power system is omitted, and cost is reduced. Once the belt is broken, since a capture device is extremely short in route, real-time capture can be realized, brake energy can be reduced, and equipment is protected.