The invention discloses a method suitable for directly testing and evaluating the quenching effect of an aluminum alloy material. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) cutting a quenching sample, filling a thermocouple into a characteristic position, and performing heat insulating treatment on the side face of the sample; (2) performing solution heat treatment on the treated sample and monitoring the temperature; (3) performing quenching tests under different quenching conditions and monitoring the quenching cooling speeds of the sample at different positions; (4) testing residual stress on the characteristic position, determining the tensile properties, hardness and electric conductivities of positions of different depth distances way from the quenching surface, drawing a curve and performing microstructure observation and analysis; and (5) determining an appropriate quenching process for practical material production according to a test result obtained in the step (4). In the invention, a sample heat insulating treatment method is adopted, and the temperature is monitored in real time with a thermocouple filling method, so that the practical quenching state of a material can be simulated directly and accurately, the consistence between the test result and a test result of a large-specification workpiece under overall quenching is high, and a quenching process suitable for practical production can be optimized and determined.