The invention discloses a highly-efficient aeration biological filter applied to advanced printing and dyeing wastewater treatment, comprising a filtering material unit and at least one composite filler unit, wherein the filtering material unit is connected with the composite filler unit. The composite filler unit comprises a front aeration system, a composite filler area and a folding plate, andthe front aeration system and the folding plate are arranged in the composite filler area; and the filtering material unit comprises a water feeding and distributing groove, an upper layer aeration system, a lower layer aeration system, a filtering material area, a back flushing system and a filtrate collecting chamber. The advanced printing and dyeing wastewater treatment method in an aeration biological filter comprises the steps: the wastewater enters into the composite filler unit and then into the filtering material unit to be treated.