The invention discloses an anti-pollution high-efficiency vibration filtering separation device, belonging to water environment protection and treatment devices. A filter separation element is installed on a filter separation element holder, and then is installed in a mixed liquor container together with the filter separation element holder; the top cover or the side face of the mixed liquor container is installed with a power mechanism and a motion conversion mechanism; the power mechanism drives the filter separation element to do straight-line reciprocating vibration vertically or horizontally through the motion conversion mechanism; and the exterior of the mixed liquor container is also provided with a control unit, a gas supply unit, a lifting unit and a suction unit which are circumscribed. The filter separation element does linear circulating motion in mixed liquor to be separated, thus enhancing the intensity and frequency of friction effect of the mixed liquor or bubbles on the surface pollutants of the filter separation element, slowing down the pollution course and improving yield of the filter separation element. The filtering separation device can be applied to the separation and collection of algae in surface water, muddy water separation in sewage treatment plants, and other situations requiring solid-liquid separation.