公开(公告)号：US5260663A

公开(公告)日：1993-11-09

申请号：US913022

申请日：1992-07-14

申请人： Frederick K. Blades

发明人： Frederick K. Blades

IPC分类号： G01N27/06 ,  G01R27/22

CPC分类号： G01R27/22

摘要： Improved circuits for measuring the conductivity of a solution confined between two electrodes in a cell compensate for series capacitance and parallel capacitance between the electrodes. A bipolar square-wave signal is applied to the cell. In one embodiment, the current through the cell is measured by an op-amp in current-to-voltage converter configuration. A feedback resistance employed with the op-amp in a feedback loop is controlled to a low value to ensure that the parallel capacitance is fully charged during an initial portion of each half-cycle of the drive signal. The feedback resistance is then selected so that the gain of the feedback loop is responsive to the range of the resistivity of the solution, and the measurement is made. The period of the bipolar signal is selected responsive to the selected loop gain, to ensure that a filter capacitor across the op-amp is fully charged, and to limit distortion caused by the series capacitance. More particularly, the rate of charge of the series capacitance is proportional to the solution resistance; by varying the period of the drive signal in accordance with the solution resistance, the distortion introduced by the series capacitance remains negligible.

公开(公告)号：US5677190A

公开(公告)日：1997-10-14

申请号：US355968

申请日：1994-12-14

申请人： Paul C. Melanson ,  Robert L. Garvin ,  Lawrence K. de Martin ,  David A. Pane ,  James A. Valdez

发明人： Paul C. Melanson ,  Robert L. Garvin ,  Lawrence K. de Martin ,  David A. Pane ,  James A. Valdez

IPC分类号： G01N27/06 ,  G01N31/00 ,  G01N33/18 ,  G01N21/00

CPC分类号： G01N33/1846 ,  G01N31/005 ,  Y10T436/204998 ,  Y10T436/235

摘要： An improved measurement cell and circuit for measuring the electrical characteristics of a liquid sample during exposure to radiation includes a glass cell formed of a main tube extending generally parallel to an elongated lamp emitting the radiation, and a pair of electrodes disposed axially within the sample tube. In the preferred embodiment, the ends of the cell are formed of glass twinbore tubing fused to the glass main tube, the bores retaining ends of the electrodes. Inlet and outlet tubes and a temperature sensing well may also be fused to the main tube. In an implementation for measurement of TOC in water by oxidation to CO.sub.2, the source comprises a low pressure mercury vapor lamp, and the electrodes are formed of solid Ti with catalytic TiO.sub.2 surfaces. The circuit used to monitor variation in electrical characteristics of the liquid during UV exposure controls flow of power to op-amps in order to multiplex a drive signal between the UV exposure cell, a calibration resistor, and a temperature sensor.

摘要翻译： 用于在暴露于辐射期间测量液体样品的电特性的改进的测量单元和电路包括由大体平行于发射辐射的细长灯延伸的主管形成的玻璃电池，以及轴向设置在样品管内的一对电极 。 在优选实施例中，电池的端部由与玻璃主管熔合的玻璃双轴管形成，孔保持电极的端部。 进出口管和温度感测井也可以熔合到主管。 在通过氧化至CO 2测量水中的TOC的实施方案中，源包括低压汞蒸汽灯，并且电极由具有催化TiO 2表面的固体Ti形成。 用于监测UV曝光期间液体电特性变化的电路控制功率到运算放大器的电流，以便在UV曝光单元，校准电阻器和温度传感器之间复用驱动信号。

公开(公告)号：US5395522A

公开(公告)日：1995-03-07

申请号：US21040

申请日：1993-02-23

申请人： Paul C. Melanson ,  James A. Valdez

发明人： Paul C. Melanson ,  James A. Valdez

IPC分类号： C02F1/42 ,  C02F1/30 ,  C02F1/32 ,  C02F1/461 ,  C02F1/467 ,  C02F1/48 ,  C02F1/58 ,  C02F1/72 ,  C02F9/00

CPC分类号： C02F1/325 ,  C02F1/46104 ,  C02F1/725 ,  C02F1/42 ,  C02F1/4672 ,  C02F2001/46138 ,  C02F2101/30 ,  C02F2201/3223 ,  C02F2201/328 ,  C02F2305/10

摘要： An apparatus for removal of organic materials from water includes a reactor for photocatalytic oxidation and/or ionization of organics in the water stream and an ion exchange column for removal of CO.sub.2, dissolved acids, and ionized organics formed in the reactor from the water stream. The reactor includes an elongated flow chamber having an inlet at one end and an outlet at the opposite end. A photocatalytic material is provided as a surface layer on a number of solid members in the chamber, typically a number of rods extending generally parallel to the axis of the flow chamber. The catalyst may be TiO.sub.2 formed by oxidizing the surface of Ti rods. An elongated UV lamp fitting within a tubular quartz window extends along the axis of the reaction chamber. An external circuit connects the electrodes and the water, such that a current flows in the water in the reaction chamber. A potential of up to 600 VDC may be applied between the solid electrodes and water in the chamber.

摘要翻译： 用于从水中除去有机材料的装置包括用于水流中的有机物的光催化氧化和/或电离的反应器和用于从水流中除去在反应器中形成的CO 2，溶解的酸和离子化有机物的离子交换柱。 反应器包括细长的流动室，其具有在一端的入口和在相对端的出口。 提供光催化材料作为腔室中许多固体构件上的表面层，通常是大致平行于流动室的轴线延伸的多个杆。 催化剂可以是通过氧化Ti棒的表面形成的TiO 2。 管状石英窗内的细长UV灯配件沿着反应室的轴线延伸。 外部电路连接电极和水，使得电流在反应室中的水中流动。 在固体电极和腔室内的水之间可能会施加高达600 VDC的电位。

公开(公告)号：US5334940A

公开(公告)日：1994-08-02

申请号：US046953

申请日：1993-04-16

申请人： Frederick K. Blades

发明人： Frederick K. Blades

IPC分类号： G01N27/06 ,  G01R27/22

CPC分类号： G01R27/22

摘要： Improved circuits for measuring the conductivity of a solution confined between two electrodes in a cell compensate for series capacitance and parallel capacitance between the electrodes. A bipolar square-wave signal is applied to the cell. In one embodiment, the current through the cell is measured by an op-amp in current-to-voltage converter configuration. A feedback resistance employed with the op-amp in a feedback loop is controlled to a low value to ensure that the parallel capacitance is fully charged during an initial portion of each half-cycle of the drive signal. The feedback resistance is then selected so that the gain of the feedback loop is responsive to the range of the resistivity of the solution, and the measurement is made. In a further embodiment, charge proportional to the current through the cell is integrated across the op-amp, and the rate of charge is measured by measuring the time required to integrate the current to a predetermined level, and used to determine the resistivity of the solution. In this embodiment, the parallel capacitance is fully charged before each integration period begins. The voltage developed across the series capacitance is constant and can be compensated mathematically.

摘要翻译： 用于测量限制在电池中的两个电极之间的溶液的电导率的改进电路补偿电极之间的串联电容和并联电容。 双极方波信号被施加到电池。 在一个实施例中，通过电流 - 电压转换器配置中的运算放大器测量通过电池的电流。 在反馈环路中与运算放大器采用的反馈电阻被控制为低值，以确保在驱动信号的每个半周期的初始部分期间并联电容完全充电。 然后选择反馈电阻，使得反馈回路的增益响应于溶液的电阻率的范围，并进行测量。 在另一个实施例中，与通过电池的电流成比例的电荷在运算放大器上积分，并且通过测量将电流积分到预定电平所需的时间来测量电荷率，并且用于确定电荷的电阻率 解。 在该实施例中，并联电容在每个积分周期开始之前被完全充电。 跨串联电容产生的电压是恒定的，可以用数学方式补偿。

公开(公告)号：US5047212A

公开(公告)日：1991-09-10

申请号：US270451

申请日：1988-11-07

申请人： Frederick K. Blades ,  Richard D. Godec

发明人： Frederick K. Blades ,  Richard D. Godec

IPC分类号： G01N27/06 ,  G01N33/18

CPC分类号： G01N33/1846 ,  G01N27/06 ,  Y10T436/235

摘要： Apparatus for measurement of total organic carbon content of water, particularly of low relative organic content, is described which features a single sample cell for exposure of a static sample to ultraviolet radiation comprising electrodes for measuring the conductivity of the water. The conductivity is monitored as a function of time and the second time derivative of the conductivity signal is monitored to indicate when the oxidation reaction has been completed. Compensation for the contribution to conductivity of the water sample made by the instrument is achieved by subtracting a quantity porportional to the first time derivative of the conductivity at a time when the second time derivative reaches zero, indicating that the oxidation reaction is complete, from the change in the total conductivity measurement, the remainder being equal to the contribution to conductivity made by oxidation of the organic content of the water.

摘要翻译： 描述了用于测量水的总有机碳含量，特别是低相对有机含量的装置，其特征在于用于将静态样品暴露于包含用于测量水的电导率的电极的紫外线辐射的单个样品池。 监测电导率作为时间的函数，并监测电导率信号的第二次导数以指示氧化反应何时完成。 由仪器制造的水样的电导率的贡献的补偿是通过在第二时间导数达到零时减去第一时间导电率导数的量的数量来实现的，表明氧化反应完成，从 总电导率测量的变化，其余部分等于通过氧化有机物含量对水的导电性的贡献。

公开(公告)号：US20030040122A1

公开(公告)日：2003-02-27

申请号：US10187021

申请日：2002-07-02

申请人： Anatel Corporation

发明人： Frederick K. Blades ,  John Stillian ,  David Allen Pane ,  Yasuo Yamamori ,  Jay Darol Rasmussen

IPC分类号： G01N033/00 ,  G01N035/08 ,  G01N027/08

CPC分类号： G01N33/1846 ,  G01N33/1893 ,  Y10T436/117497 ,  Y10T436/23 ,  Y10T436/235

摘要： An improved instrument for measuring the total organic carbon content of water provides substantially instantaneous TOC measurements that are repetitively calibrated, provides substantially improved accuracy of results in a circuit providing improved noise rejection, allowing faster response, and provides controlled dilution of the sample stream to extent the useful range of the instrument.

公开(公告)号：US6114700A

公开(公告)日：2000-09-05

申请号：US52136

申请日：1998-03-31

申请人： Frederick K. Blades

发明人： Frederick K. Blades

IPC分类号： G01N21/05 ,  G01N21/35 ,  G01N21/61

CPC分类号： G01N21/05 ,  G01N21/3504

摘要： An improved NDIR instrument as used for measuring the carbon dioxide content of a gas sample includes an electrically modulated incandescent lamp disposed at one end of a sample cell for containing the gas to be analyzed, and a first pyroelectric detector at the other end of the cell. The intensity of modulated radiation incident on the detector is measured using paired dual-slope integrators, each integrating the signal on alternate half-cycles of the signal provided by the detector, to determine the concentration of infrared-absorptive gas in the cell. At intervals, the cell is purged by an infrared-transparent gas, and a similar measurement made, allowing correction for long-term drift in the optical characteristics of the instrument.The instrument correctly determines the concentration of CO.sub.2 despite "leakage" of the broad-band infrared radiation emitted by the lamp through the sample to be analyzed.In a second embodiment, a second pyroelectric detector is juxtaposed to the lamp opposite the cell, and the intensity of the radiation emitted by the lamp controlled by a feedback loop including the second detector.

摘要翻译： 用于测量气体样品的二氧化碳含量的改进的NDIR仪器包括设置在用于容纳待分析气体的样品池的一端的电调制白炽灯，以及在电池另一端的第一热电探测器 。 使用成对的双斜率积分器测量入射到检测器上的调制辐射的强度，每个积分器将信号在由检测器提供的信号的交替半周期上积分，以确定电池中的红外吸收气体的浓度。 间隔地，通过红外线透明气体吹扫电池，进行类似的测量，允许校正仪器的光学特性的长期漂移。 尽管由灯发射的宽带红外线辐射通过要分析的样品，但仪器正确地确定了CO 2的浓度。 在第二实施例中，第二热电检测器与灯泡相对并置，并且由包括第二检测器的反馈回路控制的灯发射的强度。

公开(公告)号：US5275957A

公开(公告)日：1994-01-04

申请号：US757327

申请日：1991-09-10

申请人： Frederick K. Blades ,  Paul C. Melanson ,  Richard D. Godec

发明人： Frederick K. Blades ,  Paul C. Melanson ,  Richard D. Godec

IPC分类号： G01N27/06 ,  G01N33/18 ,  G01N31/12

CPC分类号： G01N33/1846 ,  G01N27/06 ,  Y10S436/905 ,  Y10T436/204998 ,  Y10T436/235

摘要： Apparatus and methods for measurement of total organic carbon content of water, particularly of low relative organic content, are described, featuring a single sample cell for exposure of a static sample to ultraviolet radiation and comprising electrodes for measuring the conductivity of the water. The conductivity is monitored as a function of time and the second time derivative of the conductivity signal is monitored to indicate when the oxidation reaction has been completed. Compensation for the contribution to conductivity of the water sample made by the instrument is achieved by subtracting a quantity proportional to the first time derivative of the conductivity at a time when the second time derivative reaches zero, indicating that the oxidation reaction is complete, from the change in the total conductivity measurement, the remainder being equal to the contribution to conductivity made by oxidation of the organic content of the water. The electrodes may have surfaces of a material which when irradiated by the ultraviolet radiation catalyzes the oxidation reaction. Electrophoresis may also be employed to speed the reaction. In appropriate cases, the pH of the water sample is additionally measured and used together with the temperature of the sample to derive a series of values for the carbon dioxide content of the sample from the measured values of the conductivity. For further accuracy, the actual carbon dioxide content values may be employed in the analysis in lieu of the conductivity values.

摘要翻译： 描述了用于测量水的总有机碳含量，特别是低相对有机含量的装置和方法，其特征在于用于将静态样品暴露于紫外线辐射的单个样品池，并且包括用于测量水的电导率的电极。 监测电导率作为时间的函数，并监测电导率信号的第二次导数以指示氧化反应何时完成。 通过减去与第二时间导数达到零时的电导率的第一次导数成正比的数量，表示氧化反应完成，从仪器的电导率的补偿 总电导率测量的变化，其余部分等于通过氧化有机物含量对水的导电性的贡献。 电极可以具有当被紫外线照射时的材料的表面催化氧化反应。 也可以使用电泳来加速反应。 在适当的情况下，另外测量水样品的pH并与样品的温度一起使用，从导电率的测量值得出样品二氧化碳含量的一系列值。 为了进一步的准确性，实际的二氧化碳含量值可以用于分析中以代替电导率值。

公开(公告)号：US4868127A

公开(公告)日：1989-09-19

申请号：US938638

申请日：1986-12-05

申请人： Frederick K. Blades ,  Richard D. Godec

发明人： Frederick K. Blades ,  Richard D. Godec

IPC分类号： G01N27/06 ,  G01N33/18

CPC分类号： G01N33/1846 ,  G01N27/06 ,  Y10T436/235

摘要： Apparatus and methods for measurement of total organic carbon content of water, particularly of low relative organic content, are described, featuring a single sample cell for exposure of a static sample to ultraviolet radiation and comprising electrodes for measuring the conductivity of the water. The conductivity is monitored as a function of time and the second time derivative of the conductivity signal is monitored to indicate when the oxidation reaction has been completed. Compensation for the contribution to conductivity of the water sample made by the instrument is achieved by subtracting a quantity proportional to the first time derivative of the conductivity at a time when the second time derivative reaches zero, indicating that the oxidation reaction is complete, from the change in the total conductivity measurement, the remainder being equal to the contribution to conductivity made by oxidation of the organic content of the water. The electrodes may have surfaces of a material which when irradiated by the ultraviolet radiation catalyzes the oxidation reaction. Electrophoresis may also be employed to speed the reaction.

摘要翻译： 描述了用于测量水的总有机碳含量，特别是低相对有机含量的装置和方法，其特征在于用于将静态样品暴露于紫外线辐射的单个样品池，并且包括用于测量水的电导率的电极。 监测电导率作为时间的函数，并监测电导率信号的第二次导数以指示氧化反应何时完成。 通过减去与第二时间导数达到零时的电导率的第一次导数成正比的数量，表示氧化反应完成，从仪器的电导率的补偿 总电导率测量的变化，其余部分等于通过氧化有机物含量对水的导电性的贡献。 电极可以具有当被紫外线照射时的材料的表面催化氧化反应。 也可以使用电泳来加速反应。