A stress detection device and a detection method for a light-transmissive structure are disclosed. The stress detection device for a light-transmissive structure comprises: a light source, a first polarizer, a light intensity distribution state detection unit and a stress distribution state analysis unit; wherein the light source emits uniform polarized light; during detection, the first polarizer and the light sources are located at opposite sides of the light-transmissive structure, respectively; the light intensity distribution state detection unit is configured to obtain a light intensity distribution state of the polarized light emitted from the first polarizer; the stress distribution state analysis unit is configured to obtain a stress distribution state of the light-transmissive structure according to the light intensity distribution state.