An image processing apparatus includes a storage unit that stores therein a type of surface effect and predetermined glossiness in association with each other, a determining unit that determines, as first glossiness, the glossiness associated with the surface effect specified by the gloss control plane data, a measurement control unit that performs control to measure second glossiness indicating actual glossiness of a printed matter that is a recording medium on which printing has been performed by a printing apparatus, a generation unit that produces, from the gloss control plane data, gloss plane data for additional printing in which a density value is set in accordance with an amount of a transparent color material necessary for achieving the first glossiness on the basis of a difference in value between the first glossiness and the second glossiness, and an output unit that outputs the gloss plane data for additional printing.