Nanoscale non-stoichiometric materials with unusual properties are disclosed. These materials offer a wide range of novel formulations for applications in catalysis, chemicals and fuels, electronics, electromagnetics, photonics, optics, sensors, electrochemical products, structural products, biomedical engineering, acoustics, composites, and other applications. Illustrative methods and processes are disclosed to highlight catalytic properties and electrical properties and to process these materials from powder or porous forms into dense forms and shapes. The invention includes a non-stoichiometric composition of a material, preferably in nanostructured form, for various applications including, but not limited to, methods to reduce the sintering temperature, the sintering time, or both.