The present disclosure provides use of a graphene oxide/butyl acrylate/silane composite emulsion as an anti-shrinkage agent of a cement-based material. In the present disclosure, active groups on an isobutyltriethoxysilane molecule reacts with hydroxyl groups on a surface of a mortar to form a layered hydrophobic structure, thereby slowing a water loss in the mortar of the cement-based material and avoiding cracking caused by drying shrinkage. Butyl acrylate can be dehydrated to form polymer fibers with a spatial network to fill pores of a cement paste, thereby limiting the shrinkage of the mortar. Graphene oxide has a relatively large specific surface area and oxygen-containing functional groups on a surface, which can provide growth sites for hydration products, and promote the hydration products to form a regular and dense structure in the form of a template, thus ensuring a strength of the cement-based material.