An apparatus comprises at least one processing device configured to receive a query to determine associations between named entities and aspect terms for a document, to generate, utilizing a first machine learning model, a first set of encodings classifying words of the document as being aspect or non-aspect terms, to generate, utilizing a second machine learning model, a second set of encodings classifying associations of the words, and to determine, for a given aspect term, attention weights for a given subset of the words surrounding the given aspect term. The processing device is also configured to generate, utilizing a third machine learning model, predictions of association between the given aspect term and named entities recognized in the given subset of the words, and to provide a response to the query comprising at least one of the predicted associations.