The present disclosure relates generally to the generation of 3D models of anatomical structures from 2D radiographs. For example, a computer-implemented method for generating 3D models of anatomical structures from 2D radiographs of a patient can include receiving a 2D radiograph of at least one anatomical structure of interest, pre-processing the 2D radiograph to generate a pre-processed 2D radiograph, and generating, using an AI model, a 3D representation of the at least one anatomical structure of interest.