The present invention provides a capsule for fluid sampling and drug delivery including: an enclosure; a sampling/drug delivery assembly, including a storage chamber arranged in the enclosure, a first one-way element and a second one-way element communicating with outside of the capsule and the storage chamber, and a pump changing pressure in the storage chamber, wherein the first one-way element and the second one-way element have same direction of access; and a control module, including a microprocessor in communication with the pump. The capsule can realize multiple times of sampling and drug delivery by means of control flow direction of sample or drug through the first one-way element and the second one-way element, and by changing the pressure of the storage chamber through the pump.