A light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, sequentially arranged between the first electrode and the emission layer, the first electrode includes aluminum, an alloy including aluminum, or any combination thereof, the hole injection layer consists of a first inorganic material as described herein, and an absolute value of a work function of the first inorganic material is greater than or equal to an absolute value of a HOMO energy level of the hole transport layer, and the hole transport region excludes a p-dopant.