A tunnel defect detection and management system based on a vibration signal of a moving train. This system identifies the defects in a subway tunnel structure and soil behind a wall through the acquisition, transmission and analysis of an on-board acceleration signal. A signal acquisition sensor is mounted on the moving train. A signal acquisition module and a signal transmission system are mounted in the train to preprocess and compress the signal. A data processing and analysis server performs data analysis to quickly identify the defects of the tunnel and the auxiliary structure thereof, and determine a defect location and type. A tunnel management platform releases real-time detection information and health status of the tunnel, alarms for the defects, and releases the defect data to relevant personnel to take measures.