Protecting sensitive information in connection with tracing an original execution of an entity. Embodiments include identifying that original information—which was accessed based on an original execution of one or more original executable instructions of the entity—comprises sensitive information. Based on the original information comprising the sensitive information, embodiments include performing one or both of (i) storing first trace data comprising alternative information—rather than the original information—into the trace, while ensuring that an execution path that was taken by the entity based on the original information is also taken during replay of the original execution of the entity using the trace; or (ii) storing second trace data into the trace that causes zero or more alternative executable instructions—rather than the one or more original executable instructions of the entity—to be executed during the replay of the original execution of the entity.