Disclosed is an encapsulation barrier stack, capable of encapsulating a moisture and/or oxygen sensitive article and comprising a film layer with at least one layer, wherein the film layer comprises: one or more nanoparticle sealing layer(s) arranged to be in contact with surface of the at least one substrate, wherein the substrate is not a barrier layer, wherein the one or more nano-particle sealing layer(s) comprise(s) a plurality of encapsulated nanoparticles, the nanoparticles being reactive in that they are capable of interacting with moisture and/or oxygen to retard the permeation of moisture and/or oxygen.