A hologram recording material includes a polymerizable monomer (A) that is active in radical polymerization but is substantially inactive in cationic polymerization, a polymerizable monomer (B) that is active in cationic polymerization but is substantially inactive in radical polymerization, and an initiator system (C) that polymerizes at least one of the polymerizable monomer (A) and the polymerizable monomer (B) through irradiation with light. The polymerizable monomer (A) and the polymerizable monomer (B) each have, in its structure, a moiety selected from the group consisting of aromatic rings, halogen atoms other than a fluorine atom, and sulfur atoms not derived from a cyclic sulfide or a mercapto group. A hologram recording medium includes a recording layer composed of the hologram recording material.