A system includes one or more processors; and at least one non-transitory machine-readable storage media comprising instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: generate a set of shift candidates based on labor demand data; determine a set of decision variables representing whether a particular shift candidate is selected in a final schedule and whether a particular worker is assigned to the particular shift candidate; determine a set of constraints based at least in part on the set of decision variables, the set of shift candidates, the labor demand data, and scheduling configuration data, wherein a constraint of the set of constraints is transformed into linear form in terms of the set of decision variables; and determine simultaneously, using a MIP solver, a subset of the shift candidates selected in the final schedule and a set of shift assignments of which worker is assigned to which selected shift candidate of the subset of the shift candidates.