Disclosed are a special fertilizer for intercropping maize and peanuts and a cultivation method for maintaining soil organic carbon (SOC) balance, belonging to the technical field of SOC balance. The special fertilizer for intercropping maize and peanuts includes the following raw materials: coated urea, heavy superphosphate, ammonium sulfate, fermented soybean meal, bentonite, sodium molybdate, borax, humic acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, plant ash and zinc sulfate heptahydrate. The cultivation method includes the steps of land selection, land preparation, fertilizing, sowing, field management, and rotation.