A waveguide comprises a first surface and a second surface. The first surface comprises a first plurality of grating structures. The waveguide is configured to guide an in-coupled light beam to undergo total internal reflection between the first surface and the second surface. The first grating structures are configured to disrupt the total internal reflection to cause at least a portion of the in-coupled light beam to couple out of the waveguide and project from the first surface, the portion of the in-coupled light beam coupled out of the waveguide forming out-coupled light beams, the out-coupled light beams being configured to form an array of dots on a surface where the out-coupled light beams are projected on.