By a microbial fuel cell including: an anode electrode that includes, as a catalyst, current-generating bacteria supplied from soil or mud, and oxidizes an organic fuel supplied from soil or mud; and a cathode electrode that reduces oxygen supplied from air or water, the microbial fuel cell having an oxygen permeation restricting layer between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode facing each other, it is possible to provide, at low cost, a microbial fuel cell having high power generation performance due to direct power generation from soil or mud and capable of being thinned and miniaturized.