Directed fragmentation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is described. In one embodiment, the UAV includes various components, such one or more motors, batteries, sensors, a housing, casing or shell, and a payload for delivery. Additionally, the UAV includes a controller. The controller determines a flight path and controls a flight operation of the UAV. During the flight operation, the controller develops a release timing and a release location for one or more of the components based on the flight path, the flight conditions, and terrain topology information, among other factors. The controller can also detect a disruption in the flight operation of the UAV and, in response, direct fragmentation of one or more of the components apart from the UAV. In that way, a controlled, directed fragmentation of the UAV can be accomplished upon any disruption to the flight operation of the UAV.