The utility model provides an axial fast locking device, which is of a hollow cylindrical structure composed of an inner sleeve, an outer sleeve and a bushing. The outer sleeve is sleeved on the outer circumferential surface of the inner sleeve. The bushing is sleeved between the outer sleeve and the inner sleeve. The bushing is fixedly connected with the outer sleeve. A spring is sheathed between the inner sleeve and the outer sleeve. The outer circumferential surface of the inner sleeve is circumferentially provided with a clamping ring. The spring and the bushing are positioned on the two sides of the clamping ring. The inner sleeve is circumferentially and uniformly provided with at least two through holes. The through holes are positioned at the installation sites of the bushing. The through holes are matched with rolling balls. When the device is in a locking state, the inner sleeve is enabled to slide along the conical surface of the bushing under the effect of the reverse friction force so as to lock a drum. Therefore, the laying tension is stabilized. The device is simple in structure, and convenient and quick in assembly and disassembly. Due to the adoption of the device, the maintenance time is effectively reduced and the operation intensity is lowered. Meanwhile, the device is low in cost and improves the working efficiency.