The utility model discloses a high-definition monitoring digital power line carrier system and a data exchange device. The system comprises a vidicon, a data exchange device, and a centralized monitoring host connected in sequence. The vidicon comprises a DSP. The data exchange device comprises a fiber switch. The vidicon also comprises a first power line carrier module which is electrically connected with the DSP. The data exchange device also comprises a second power line carrier module which is electrically connected with the fiber switch. The two power line carrier modules are connected with a power line. When the system is used to monitor, just one power line is needed to be used as a transmission line of image signals and a power supply channel of vidicon operation, so that wires are greatly saved. In addition, since the system uses the power line carrier modules, objectives of converting the image signals in a carrier method and high-speed transmission of the image signals are achieved while cost is saved. Bandwidth of the power line carrier modules is set to be 250 M, and 18 high-definition vidicons can be connected to realize multi-zone, multi-place, and multi-angle monitoring.