The utility model discloses a small backscattering X-ray examination device, comprising: a central control and processing unit, as well as a chopping wheel controller, an X-ray source controller, a host computer, a ray shield door controller, a system control keyboard, a scanning speed display, a backscattering signal preamplifier, a ray warning device, a safety interlock switch and a temperature control module respectively connected with the central control and processing unit. The central control and processing unit comprises a network module, a digital signal processing circuit, a system control circuit, a safety interlock logic circuit and a low-voltage power supply module; and the device has the characteristics of strong transmission ability, long ultimate detection distance, quick scanning speed, high image definition and high resolution, low ray leakage dose rate, and the like.