The invention relates to the technical field of monitoring, and discloses a test system for real-time monitoring of coal deformation based on stress loading, and the system comprises an acoustic emission monitoring system, an image monitoring system and a soundproof glass cover, wherein the acoustic emission monitoring system comprises an acoustic emission sensor, an acoustic emission signal amplifier, an acoustic emission signal collection and processing device and a computer; the image monitoring system comprises a high-speed camera, a light filling device, an image information collection and processing device and a computer; the soundproof glass cover is cylindrical in shape and has holes up and down, a coal sample is placed inside the soundproof glass cover, the top of the soundproof glass cover is provided with a high-frequency impact meter, and the main shaft of the high-frequency impact meter passes through the holes and compress the coal sample. The invention can monitor the whole process of the coal sample under uniaxial stress load in real time to monitor the deformation of the coal sample and the development of internal and surface cracks in an all-round way, and has theadvantage of all-round dynamic effect analysis of the uniaxial stress load coal sample.