The invention discloses a mounting method of a prefabricated concrete shear wall structure, and relates to the technical field of building structures. The mounting method comprises the following stepsthat 1, components such as shear walls, longitudinal steel pipe columns, horizontal steel pipe columns, interlayer floor slabs, connecting bolts and fastening nuts are prepared; 2, an independent foundation is completed, the longitudinal steel pipe columns are vertically arranged on the independent foundation, and the longitudinal steel pipe columns are continuously arranged upwards in a sleevingmode; 3, the horizontal steel pipe columns are arranged on the lap joint parts of the side parts of the longitudinal steel pipe columns through lap joint grooves formed in the two ends of the horizontal steel pipe columns in a lap joint mode; 4, the multiple interlayer floor slabs are erected on the horizontal steel pipe columns connected in an enclosed mode side by side; and 5, the shear walls are erected on the edge parts of the interlayer floor slabs side by side. According to the mounting method of the prefabricated concrete shear wall structure, operation is simple and convenient, and the building efficiency is significantly improved.