The present invention relates to a water distribution system for testing a gas absorption process of gas-containing coal under overburden conditions. The water distribution system comprises a gas regulating device, a coal sample tank device, an equal pressure water adding device, an equal pressure desorption device, a resistance testing device, a overpressure loading device, a coal briquette pressing device, control valves and a control system. The coal sample tank device and the equal pressure water adding device are connected in series through a draft tube; the coal sample tank device and the equal pressure water adding device are respectively communicated with the gas regulating device and the equal pressure desorption device through the draft tube; the coal sample tank device is electrically connected with the resistance testing device through a wire; and a plurality of control valves are uniformly arranged on the draft tube, and the draft tube is respectively communicated with thegas regulating device, the coal sample tank device, the equal pressure water adding device, the equal pressure desorption device and the overpressure loading device through the control valves. The method provided by the present invention is simple and accurate, has high similarity with the actual occurrence of the coal seam, can realize dynamic monitoring, and lays a theoretical foundation for afurther research on the mechanism of hydraulic control measures for preventing coal and gas outburst.