The invention relates to a structure residual bearing capacity measuring method and system based on tunnel lining deformation features. The method comprises the following steps: 1) according to an actual tunnel structure, manufacturing a lining model according to a set similarity ratio; 2) carrying out loading test on the lining model and recording structural deformation and corresponding load ofthe lining model; 3) obtaining the structural deformation and the corresponding load of the corresponding actual tunnel structure according to the similarity ratio, and obtaining a deformation load function relation of the actual tunnel structure by adopting a data fitting mode; and 4) measuring to obtain current convergence deformation of the actual tunnel structure, and measuring the residual bearing capacity of the actual tunnel structure on the basis of the deformation load function relation. Compared with the prior art, the residual bearing capacity of the structure can be quantitativelyjudged according to engineering monitored data and is used as a structural safety evaluation basis; and meanwhile, the stress damage characteristic and the damage mode of the structure can be furtherrevealed through model test.