The invention discloses a tool for rapidly measuring the thickness of a road cement structural layer. The tool for rapidly measuring the thickness of the road cement structural layer has the advantages of structural simplicity, high measuring precision and multi-point simultaneous measurement. The tool comprises caliper tubes, calipers, a base and caliper heads; the caliper tubes include a left tube and a right tube which are arranged side by side; the base is fixedly arranged at the lower ends of the caliper tubes; an open groove is formed in the outer side wall of each caliper tube; the calipers are fixedly arranged in the caliper tubes in a matched manner respectively; the caliper heads are fixed to the lower ends of the calipers respectively; the caliper heads respectively are arrangedin the open grooves in a matched manner; size scale marks adjacent to two sides of each open groove are arranged at the outer wall of each caliper tube 1; and the calipers in the left tube and the right tube can perform measurement separately. With the tool adopted, the thicknesses of different points of the road cement structural layer can be measured at the same time with high measurement precision.