The invention discloses a printing and dyeing process of a Modal fiber elastic textile. The printing and dyeing process comprises the processes of singeing, cold stacking, refining, dyeing and post-finishing. During refining, real silk fibers are put into a refining solution, wherein the refining solution contains a refining agent, the refining agent is a mixture of sodium sulfite and dioctyl sebacate, and the ratio of sodium sulfite to dioctyl sebacate is 1:1; the refining solution is heated to 98 DEG C at the speed of 2 DEG C/minute, the temperature is maintained constant for 60 minutes, andthen water is added. During post-finishing, a nano finishing agent is adopted for prevention finishing in four aspects. The printing and dyeing process not only maintains the original excellent characteristics of a knitted fabric but also has the advantages that the performance of prevention in the four aspects is great, the strength loss is small, the dyeing fastness is high, a ventilation function is achieved, the printing and dyeing process is reasonable, and various chemical indexes of products meet the requirements of Oeko-Tex100 according to detection. Additionally, the printing and dyeing process has the advantages that the operation is easy and convenient and the process conditions are easily controlled.