The invention discloses high-wear-resistant and high-barrier heat-conducting rubber and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: uniformly mixing water-based styrene-butadiene rubber and/or natural latex with an aqueous dispersion of sulfonated graphene, drying at a constant temperature of 60-130 DEG C, and plasticating for 0.5-2 hours to obtain a target product. Preferably, the sulfonated graphene has a radial dimension of 0.05-100 micro meters and a thickness of 0.5-20 nm, wherein the content of sulfonic acid groups is 12:1-3:1 expressed as a molar ratio of carbon to sulfur. The high-wear-resistant and high-barrier heat-conducting rubber has excellent wear resistance, gas barrier performance and high heat conductivity, and can be widely applied to the fields of sealing materials, tires, heat-conducting rubber and the like. The preparation process is simple, and easy to implement and regulate and control, the process conditions are mild. The raw material source is wide, and the method is convenient for large-scale production.