The invention discloses an ecological discharge monitoring system of a hydropower station. The key points of the technical scheme are that: the system comprises a data display end, a cloud server, a telemetry terminal, an ultrasonic water level gauge, a rain gauge and an industrial camera; the system further comprises an inflation and deflation device; the industrial camera comprises a housing; one end of the housing is an imaging end; a webcam is provided in the housing; the webcam is located on one side of the imaging end; the imaging end is mounted with a transparent blocking piece; the transparent blocking piece shields the outer side of the webcam; the housing end of the housing extends to one side of the imaging end and forms an extending end; at least two airbag bodies are providedon the side wall of the extending end, which is close to the transparent blocking piece; the inflation and deflation device docks with the airbag bodies; and elastic pull ropes are provided in each ofthe airbag bodies and used for tensing the airbag bodies to attach the side wall of the extending end. According to the above technical scheme, the cleanliness of the transparent blocking piece of the industrial camera can be kept for a long time to improve the shooting definition and to lower the monitoring difficulty.