The invention relates to a multi-band target radiation simulation system. The multi-band target radiation simulation system is composed of an infrared radiation simulator, an ultraviolet simulation source, a laser warning target simulator, an infrared detecting device, a servo turntable, a high-precision tracking and pointing platform and a data collecting and recording device, and used for performing air-to-ground tests of omnidirectional detection multi-band sensor detection, warning, interference and the like. The multi-band target radiation simulation system is placed on the ground, an omnidirectional detection multi-band sensor is additionally installed on an aircraft for level flight at uniform speed, and a nose heads towards the multi-band target radiation simulation system. The multi-band target radiation simulation system simulates radiant energy of missiles and other combat weapons and tracks aircraft targets in real time. The omnidirectional detection multi-band sensor performs detection, tracking and threat evaluation on radiation information of the missiles and the other combat weapons simulated by a test bench, and warning information is output. The multi-band targetradiation simulation system can realize the multiple, fast and accurate recurrence of the infrared radiation characteristics of missile targets, reduces the frequency of live ammunition testing, effectively improves the research efficiency and reduces the research cost.