The invention discloses a test method for an empty push field of a shield machine. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) impact monitoring of jack thrust and a bolt preloading force; (2) analysis of longitudinal deformation of a tunnel; and (3) waterproof performance monitoring at a segment seam. According to the test method for the empty push field of the shield machine, the distribution characteristics and variation laws of the jack thrust and the bolt preloading force, and a three-dimensional space force and deformation characteristics of a shield tunnel lining structure can be analyzed, and the construction and development of underground traffic in the future has a great significance.