The invention provides a synchronous experimental device for liquid photo-induced breakdown-induced cavitation bubbles and air bubbles. The synchronous experimental device comprises a photoelectric switch, a liquid photo-induced breakdown-induced cavitation bubble control assembly, an air bubble release control assembly, a water tank, a high speed camera, and a computer. The photoelectric switch is composed of a laser module and a photoresistor sensor. The liquid photo-induced breakdown-induced cavitation bubble control assembly is composed of a laser, a beam expander, a mirror, and a focusinglens. The air bubble release control assembly is composed of an air injection pump, a hose connected with the output end of the air injection pump and a needle connected to the tail end of the hose.The experimental device can be used for the systematic simultaneous study of the cavitation bubbles and the air bubbles, and the novel, convenient and effective experimental device and method are provided for the study of an aeration and cavitation mitigation mechanism at a microscopic level.