The invention provides a detecting system for a temperature rising characteristic of a vertical earthing electrode and a detection method, and relates to the technical field of direct current power transmission. The temperature rising condition of the vertical earthing electrode in actual soil is really reflected and used for evaluation of the temperature rising characteristic of the vertical earthing electrode. The detection system for the temperature rising characteristic of the vertical earthing electrode comprises a conductive container accommodating a backfill layer and a soil sample, a metal electrode with the first end perpendicularly inserted from the center of the conductive container and the second end connected with the wall of the conductive container through a current measuring device, a power supplying device and a voltage measuring device, wherein the current measuring device and the power supplying device are in series connection, the inner wall, making contact with theportion which is inserted in the conductive container and is of the metal electrode, of the backfill layer, and at least one temperature signal collecting device arranged on the surface of the portion, located in the conductive container, of the metal electrode and/or in the soil sample, wherein the soil sample is located between the wall of the conductive container and the outer wall of the backfill layer; the detecting system for the temperature rising characteristic of the vertical earthing electrode is used for reflecting the temperature rising condition of the vertical earthing electrodein actual soil.